{
  "meta": {
    "title": "Quantum teleportation milestones",
    "updated": "2026-10-23",
    "notes": "core=true items form the default 13-item timeline; core=false items are for an 'expand' toggle or the Research hub. Fidelity = how closely the received state matched the original (1.0 = perfect; 0.667 = best possible without entanglement for a qubit). Every number is copied from the linked source."
  },
  "items": [
    {"id":"epr-1935","year":1935,"title":"The EPR puzzle","sentence":"Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen argue quantum theory implies strange correlations between distant particles.","team":"Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen","teleported":null,"distance":null,"fidelity":null,"category":"theory","core":true,"source_label":"Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777"},
    {"id":"bell-1964","year":1964,"title":"Bell's theorem","sentence":"John Bell shows those correlations can be tested in the lab.","team":"J. S. Bell","teleported":null,"distance":null,"fidelity":null,"category":"theory","core":true,"source_label":"Physics 1, 195 (1964)","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.1.195"},
    {"id":"noclone-1982","year":1982,"title":"No-cloning theorem","sentence":"An unknown quantum state cannot be copied, so teleportation must destroy the original.","team":"Wootters & Zurek (also Dieks)","teleported":null,"distance":null,"fidelity":null,"category":"theory","core":true,"source_label":"Nature 299, 802 (1982)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/299802a0"},
    {"id":"protocol-1993","year":1993,"title":"Teleportation proposed","sentence":"Bennett and colleagues show a state can be rebuilt from entanglement plus two classical bits.","team":"Bennett, Brassard, Crépeau, Jozsa, Peres, Wootters","teleported":null,"distance":null,"fidelity":null,"category":"theory","core":true,"source_label":"Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895 (1993)","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895"},
    {"id":"photon-1997","year":1997,"title":"First photon teleportation","sentence":"Innsbruck and Rome teams independently teleport a photon's polarisation state in the lab.","team":"Zeilinger group, Innsbruck; De Martini group, Rome","teleported":"Photon polarisation state","distance":"Lab bench","fidelity":null,"category":"photons","core":true,"source_label":"Nature 390, 575 (1997); PRL 80, 1121 (1998)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/37539","source_url_2":"https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1121"},
    {"id":"atoms-2004","year":2004,"title":"Atoms join in","sentence":"Trapped-ion teams at Innsbruck and NIST teleport states between atoms, on demand, ~75–78% fidelity.","team":"Blatt group, Innsbruck; Wineland group, NIST","teleported":"Atomic ion qubit (40Ca+, 9Be+)","distance":"Within one ion trap","fidelity":"0.75 (Innsbruck); 0.78 (NIST)","category":"matter","core":true,"source_label":"Nature 429, 734 & 737 (2004)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02608","source_url_2":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02570"},
    {"id":"canary-2012","year":2012,"title":"143 km through open air","sentence":"Photon states teleported between La Palma and Tenerife, a satellite-like link.","team":"Zeilinger group (Vienna)","teleported":"Photon polarisation state","distance":"143 km free space","fidelity":"0.76–0.80 with real-time feed-forward","category":"distance","core":true,"source_label":"Nature 489, 269 (2012)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11472"},
    {"id":"multidof-2015","year":2015,"title":"Two properties at once","sentence":"Hefei team teleports a photon's spin and orbital angular momentum together.","team":"Pan Jianwei group, USTC","teleported":"Spin + orbital angular momentum of one photon","distance":"Lab","fidelity":"0.57–0.68 (classical limit 0.40)","category":"complexity","core":false,"source_label":"Nature 518, 516 (2015)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14246"},
    {"id":"micius-2017","year":2017,"title":"Up to space","sentence":"Photon states teleported from Tibet to China's Micius satellite, up to 1,400 km away.","team":"Pan Jianwei group, USTC","teleported":"Photon polarisation state (ground-to-satellite uplink)","distance":"Up to 1,400 km","fidelity":"0.80 average","category":"distance","core":true,"source_label":"Nature (2017)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23675"},
    {"id":"fnal-2020","year":2020,"title":"Over 90% in fibre","sentence":"Fermilab and Caltech teleport photon qubits with >90% fidelity over 44 km of fibre.","team":"Fermilab, Caltech, NASA JPL and partners","teleported":"Time-bin photon qubit","distance":"44 km fibre","fidelity":">0.90","category":"network","core":false,"source_label":"PRX Quantum 1, 020317 (2020)","source_url":"https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuantum.1.020317"},
    {"id":"mech-2021","year":2021,"title":"Onto vibrating chips","sentence":"Delft teleports a light qubit onto two tiny mechanical resonators, a step toward larger, heavier systems.","team":"Gröblacher group, TU Delft","teleported":"Photon state onto nanomechanical resonators","distance":"Lab (chips 20 cm apart)","fidelity":"0.75","category":"matter","core":false,"source_label":"Nature Photonics (2021), arXiv:2104.02080","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-021-00866-z"},
    {"id":"nobel-2022","year":2022,"title":"Nobel Prize","sentence":"Aspect, Clauser and Zeilinger honoured for entanglement experiments, including teleportation.","team":"Aspect, Clauser, Zeilinger","teleported":null,"distance":null,"fidelity":null,"category":"recognition","core":true,"source_label":"NobelPrize.org press release","source_url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2022/press-release/"},
    {"id":"qutech-2022","year":2022,"title":"Across a network","sentence":"QuTech teleports a qubit between two network nodes that are not directly linked.","team":"Hanson group, QuTech (Delft)","teleported":"Diamond (NV-centre) spin qubit","distance":"Three-node lab network","fidelity":"0.70","category":"network","core":true,"source_label":"Nature (2022)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04697-y"},
    {"id":"logical-2024","year":2024,"title":"Error-protected qubit","sentence":"Quantinuum teleports an error-corrected logical qubit, with 97.5% process fidelity.","team":"Quantinuum","teleported":"Logical qubit (Steane code)","distance":"Inside one processor","fidelity":"0.975 process fidelity (transversal method)","category":"computing","core":false,"source_label":"Science (2024)","source_url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp6016"},
    {"id":"nwu-2024","year":2024,"title":"Shared with internet traffic","sentence":"Northwestern teleports over 30 km of fibre also carrying 400 Gbps classical data.","team":"Prem Kumar group, Northwestern","teleported":"Photon state","distance":"30.2 km fibre (lab spools)","fidelity":"Maintained with live classical traffic (see paper)","category":"network","core":true,"source_label":"Optica 11, 1700 (2024)","source_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.540362","source_url_2":"https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/news/articles/2024/12/first-demonstration-of-quantum-teleportation-over-busy-internet-cables/"},
    {"id":"oxford-2025","year":2025,"title":"Teleporting a logic gate","sentence":"Oxford links two ion-trap processors by teleporting a gate and runs Grover's algorithm across them.","team":"Lucas group, Oxford","teleported":"Controlled-Z gate between modules","distance":"~2 m optical link","fidelity":"0.862 gate fidelity","category":"computing","core":true,"source_label":"Nature (2025)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08404-x"},
    {"id":"stuttgart-2025","year":2025,"title":"Two separate quantum dots","sentence":"Stuttgart teleports between photons from two different chip-based light sources, at telecom wavelengths.","team":"Michler group, Stuttgart; Becher group, Saarland","teleported":"Photon polarisation state","distance":"~10 m fibre","fidelity":"Up to 0.721 (post-selected)","category":"network","core":false,"source_label":"Nature Communications (2025)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-65912-8"},
    {"id":"ustc-2026","year":2026,"title":"Beats sending the photon","sentence":"USTC shows teleportation delivering photon states ~3× more efficiently than direct transmission through a lossy channel.","team":"Lu Chaoyang & Pan Jianwei, USTC","teleported":"Single-photon state","distance":"Lab, ~1% transmission channel","fidelity":"See paper","category":"network","core":true,"source_label":"Nature Physics (2026)","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-026-03348-7"}
  ]
}